scientific journal Political Sociology of the Islamic Revolution

Abstract Despite the sacrifices and protests made by Iranian workers in their civil movement and efforts to promote their union rights, they have performed poorly in Iran's contemporary history for many reasons. Of course, they played an important role in the victory of the Islamic Revolution by participating in numerous strikes and protests. However, the labor movement in the form of labor unions and parties never really took root. Therefore, the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, raises the question: What factors and challenges have prevented the effective and efficient organizational, structural, and legal influence of labor movements and institutions on Iran's economic policies during the years 1370-1400? Our hypothetical answer to this question is that labor movements and organizations, given their minimal impact on their livelihood and financial fields, ultimately failed to have much impact on the government's economic policies during the years 1370-1400. Thus, the main goal of this research is to identify the obstacles and challenges of labor movements in influencing Iran's economic policies during these years.

Abstract An ideal society or a desirable society is a society under divine guidance whose goal is the spiritual and material growth of mankind and has always been the focus of divine philosophers.This society, which has many models and components in religious texts, is constantly growing and flourishing, and the dignity of human beings is respected, people obey God's will and obey Her orders, and they uphold God's justice and piety in all its affairs.The preservation and continuation of the Islamic revolution requires that the elites and the custodians implement the characteristics of the desirable Islamic society in the society (necessity and importance of the issue). The leading research answers this question with a descriptive-analytical method and with the method of collecting documentary texts(Method) From the perspective of religious texts, what are the characteristics of an ideal society and what impact does it have on the continuation of the Islamic Revolution? (Question) In response to the question, an ideal society is a society whose individuals strive and strive for their true happiness and perfection, and has four types of relationships: relationship with the Almighty God, relationship with oneself, relationship with nature (inanimate objects, plants and animals), and relationship with other humans. These relationships are achieved in four areas: political (the sovereignty of the Imam, etc.), cultural (monotheistic education and upbringing, central justice, brotherhood and loAs a result, the Islamic Revolution, which was established by Imam Khomeini with the theory of an Islamic government based on the guardianship of the jurist,

Abstract 2. عدالت آموزشی از جمله اهدافی است که در دوران پساانقلابی و در دولت‏های مختلف روی کارآمده در ج.ا.ایران مورد تاکید واقع شده است. در همین راستا، آموزش زنان همواره از جمله محورهای اصلی سیاست‏های نظام به شمار آمده اند. این مقاله قصد دارد تا ضمن پرداختن به نقش انقلاب اسلامی در گسترش آموزش زنان، به این سوال پاسخ دهد که آیا رشد تحصیلات در بین آنها در دوران پساانقلابی، الزاما به تحقق عدالت آموزشی در ارتباط با آنها ختم شده است؟ مطابق با فرضیه این پژوهش، عدالت آموزشی برای زنان، صرفا با ایجاد فرصت‏های آموزشی برابر با گروه مردان محقق نمی‏شود. آسیب‏پذیر بودن گروه زنان و وجود ساختارهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی تبعیض‏آمیز علیه آنها می‏تواند به شکل یک سد در مقابل عدالت آموزشی عمل نماید. این مقاله به کمک منابع کتابخانه‏ای از جمله اسناد، پژوهش‏های انجام شده و داده‏های آماری و به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی فراهم شده‏است. بر اساس یافته‏های بدست‏آمده، ظهور انقلاب اسلامی و سیاست‏های کلان ج.ا.ایران در ارتباط با زنان همواره عامل تعیین‏کننده‏ای در گسترش سوادآموزی در بین زنان بزرگسال بیسواد و تحصیلات در بین نسل‏های جوانتر بوده است. با این وجود، سیاست‏های مبتنی بر تبعیض جنسیتی در دولت‏های مختلف عامل مهمی است که بسیاری از زنان تحصیل‏کرده در نهایت نتوانند از تحصیلات خود سود جویند. بر اساس نتیجه‏گیری بدست آمده، علی‏رغم برابری زنان در تحصیلات با گروه مردان همسن خود، ولی همچنان تحقق عدالت آموزشی نیازمند رفع تبعیض جنسیتی و توانمندسازی زنان تحصیل‏کرده در سیاست‏گذاری‏های دولت ج.ا.ایران می‏باشد.

Abstract Undoubtedly, one of the ways to know the political issues of any society is to know the political forces and currents active in that political society. Therefore, this article tries to make use of Albert Hirschman's theory, while examining and introducing the political currents, explaining their appearance, the way they are organized and their political performance during the period of the Islamic Republic, and why the situation and behavioral actions of these currents are different from the perspective of Political Sociology.Hirschman has provided us with an analytical and three-dimensional model called exit, protest and loyalty in his works, which can be used to analyze many issues and developments in political, economic and social life in human societies. According to this model, the main question of the article is that in the complex conditions after the Islamic revolution and in the light of the performance of political groups and currents, how will the arrangement of political forces be based on Hirschman's model.And what are the reasons and foundations of such an arrangement? In response to this hypothesis, it has been proposed that it seems possible to analyze the arrangement of political currents in the postrevolutionary era based on the three-pronged approach of exit, protest and loyalty in Hirschman's thought, and the reasons for the evolution of each Among these three models, it can be political, economic, social and culturalIt should be noted that the research method in this research is descriptive-analytcal

Abstract The aim of this research is to examine the challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on Generation Z youth (born in the 2000s). This generation, as "digital natives," with high political and social awareness and a desire for participatory governance, has concerns such as social justice, human rights, women's rights, and individual freedoms, which challenge classic top-down governance and raise the need for good governance based on interaction. This research, using a qualitative content analysis approach, has examined the demands of young people aged 15 to 24 during the period from September 2022 to September 2023 through observing videos, texts, and photos published in cyberspace (Instagram, Twitter, etc.), as well as the views and interviews of researchers and experts. Hundreds of content items published in cyberspace and the media were reviewed, classified, and categorized into general and sub-categories. Based on the frequency of the categories, quantitative conclusions were also reached regarding the main causes of the protests. The findings include four main axes: Generation Z's beliefs and values, expectations from the government, challenges of the system, and Generation Z's proposals for governance. Generation Z demands freedom of expression, guarantee of fundamental rights, gender equality, government transparency and accountability, free elections, and public participation in decision-making. They value cultural diversity, innovation, spiritual values, quality of life, and free access to information. The challenges include restrictions on freedomof expression, sanctions,lack of transparency,and corruption. This research shows that governance should movetowardsparticipatory,accountable,and transparentgovernance by considering the demands of this generation

Abstract Comparing between Walking political philosophy and the political philosophy of the Islamic Revolution in three fundamental concepts: 1- The goals of the polity, 2- The leader of polity and 3- The ideal polity or utopia is the central cannon of analysis in this article. The main question is what is the relationship between the political concepts of Walking philosophy and the political philosophy of the Islamic Revolution? In response, the ideas of Farabi, Ibn Sina and Khajah-e Nasir-Tusi as three prominent Walking philosophers and and Imam Khomeini's "Valayat-e-Faqih" and Islamic Republic Constitution were subjected to a comparative analysis. We find basic similarities cocerning three cocepts:1- the goals of the polity (ultimate perfection),2- the leader of the polity and3- the concept of utopia. In this way, the people's achievement of perfection in a utopia through the leadership and guidance of the leader of the utopia are the main elements of the link between the Walking political philosophy and the political philosophy of the Islamic Revolution. The research is based on a descriptive-comparative method and the data collection has done in a documentary method.

Abstract Political Participation, Particularly Electoral Participation, as a Key Component of Democratic Processes: An Analysis and Prediction Using Deep Learning and Ensemble Learning Techniques

Political participation, especially participation in elections, is one of the key components of democratic processes, influenced by a range of social, economic, and psychological factors. This study focuses on analyzing and predicting electoral participation rates in the Islamic Republic of Iran using a dataset derived from a public opinion survey. The dataset includes 10,000 records featuring individual and social attributes such as gender, age, education level, economic status, employment, and media interactions.

To conduct predictive analyses, advanced deep learning models (neural networks) and ensemble learning techniques, such as Random Forest and Gradient Boosting, were employed. The empirical findings indicate that education level, monthly income, political beliefs, media engagement, and trust in the political system significantly impact individuals’ decisions to participate in elections. Moreover, the accuracy of machine learning models in predicting participation improved considerably when social and economic features were incorporated.

This research provides a valuable tool for analysts and electoral policymakers, enabling them to develop more effective strategies for increasing voter participation and enhancing the accuracy of electoral predictions. Additionally, the findings of this study offer a foundation for future research in the simulation and prediction of electoral behaviors.

Abstract Good (desirable) governance has been the focus of social science researchers in the last three decades. According to the latest definition of the World Bank, good governance is crystallized in the adoption of predictable, open and explicit government policies (transparency of government activities); In a report, this global center investigated the effects of unfavorable governance on the delay in economic growth of developing countries; And in this report, which is caused by concerns related to the relationship between development, democracy and various social issues, he raised the concept of good governance; And the results of the report are based on the fact that weakness in applying and implementing the principles of good governance is one of the most important obstacles to growth and development in countries. According to the basic principles of good governance, one of the most important contemporary and new theories that has a high ability to realize them; The theory of polyarchy is Robert Dahl; Based on this, this qualitative research with the method of examining correlations between variables seeks to answer the question: What relationship can be established between the political structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the indicators of "good governance" with Robert Dahl's theory of polyarchy? Based on this, the relationship between good governance and Robert Dahl's polyarchy is a direct relationship.

Abstract The main goal of this research is to identify the conceptual network of political education in the thought of Imam Khomeini . This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and with textual research methods and ideological considerations and data analysis using thematic analysis method. Based on the findings of the research, in the Islamic framework and in the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA), from the intertwining of "politics, education, ethics and beliefs", political education should be considered in connection with moral education and ideological education. It is possible to talk about an educational triangle, in which ideological education and moral education and socio-political education are the other two sides. Beliefs are considered the basis of Islamic education in all fields of education, including political education, and the principles of belief centered on "monotheism" govern it. Moral education is also under the connection and relationship of individual and society, the introduction and direction of political education. In this research, concepts such as guidance, education, contagion, cultivation, power, politics, rebellion and struggle, and guardianship can be considered as key concepts in understanding the political thought of Imam Khomeini

Abstract با ورود مشروطه مباحثی نظیر حاکمیت قانون، حکومت مشروطه و قانونگذاری، جزئی از مسائل اساسی عرصه سیاسی ایران گردید. اما همه این موارد بدون توجه به منطق حاکم بر این عناصر و رابطه آن‌ها با پی‌ریزی دولت مدرن انجام شد. دولت‌های بر سرکار آمده در ایران پس از مشروطه و پس از انقلاب اسلامی بین مقتضیات سنت و مدرنیته گرفتار آمده‌اند و راه برون رفتی نیافته‌اند. این دولت‌ها را می‌توان دولت‌های در راه مانده دانست که در قالب دولت طبیعی پایه و بالغ، همواره در گردش بوده‌اند و نتوانسته‌اند مراحل گذار به سمت دولت مدرن یا همان نظم دسترسی آزاد را بپیمایند. با وجود این، اگر دولت مدرن را به مثابه ثمره مدرنیته غربی بدانیم که ریشه در عمیق‌ترین و آرام‌ترین تحولات سیاسی، اجتماعی، تاریخی، اقتصادی اروپای غربی دارد، مطمئناً گرته‌برداری صِرف و وارد ساختن آن به ایران، بدون توجه به شرایط اجتماعی، سیاسی، فرهنگی، تاریخی، محیطی و ... این مرز و بوم، چیزی جز ناکامی در پی نخواهد داشت. این مقاله با رویکرد سنت نهادگرایی تاریخی به بررسی نقش سنت و تجدد در دولت مدرن پس از انقلاب اسلامی می‌پردازد.

Abstract The issue of obligating citizens to observe Sharīa by the Islamic polity is a significant matter in religious governance that has presented considerable challenges to scholars in this field. Consequently, numerous and diverse viewpoints have emerged regarding this issue. Among them is the view that considers obligating citizens to Sharīa a duty of the Islamic state. This perspective, just as it holds the Islamic state responsible for the welfare of citizens and considers providing for their welfare its duty, also deems the Islamic state obligated towards the Sharīa of citizens, considering its efforts to realize Sharīa in society in the best possible way essential. Many arguments have been presented to substantiate this claim, among which is reliance on the jurisprudential bases for the obligation of Tazīr. In this article, based on Shi'a religious texts, this argument and the objections raised against it are examined, and concerning the jurisprudential bases for the obligation of Tazīr, the scope of the Islamic state's intervention in the field of obligating citizens to Sharīa is elucidated. What is established from the totality of opinions is the obligation of the principle of Tazīr, and based on the establishment of the principle of Tazīr, it is established that the Islamic state can, commensurate with the committed sin, punish the offending citizen and obligate them to abandon the sin.

Abstract Student life is a unique opportunity for intellectual, social, and personal development, as well as a platform for preparing young people to enter society and play an effective role in it. This period is a good opportunity to discover interests and talents, new experiences, and the formation of an independent identity.The purpose of this article is to identify the most important concerns of student life in the personal, academic, and economic spheres. Using grounded theory and conducting in-depth interviews with students, it seeks to answer the main question of what are the most important concerns of Iranian students in the economic, personal, and academic fields, and how these attitudes affect their daily lives and future careers.

Research findings show that Iranian students face a wide range of personal, academic, and economic concerns that affect their personal, academic, and professional lives. In the economic sphere; inflation, consumerism, poverty, unfair distribution of wealth, weakness of the middle class, and economic corruption; in the personal sphere; marriage, immigration, gender discrimination, depression, despair, and the weakening of the family institution; and in the educational sphere; low quality of education, high tuition fees, lack of appropriate facilities, lack of university independence, and the inefficiency of some professors are among the main challenges facing students. These challenges not only reduce academic motivation and increase stress in students, but also make their career and social future uncertain. To resolve these problems, comprehensive planning and comprehensive cooperation between various agencies are needed.

Abstract Although the process of nation-building had begun in Iran decades ago, the Islamic Revolution created a paradigmatic shift in Iran's political structure, causing the nation to continue its life and development in a different ideological context and redefine itself in a new framework. From this perspective, the way and process of the formation of the social phenomenon of the nation in the modern sense in the form of the concepts and values ​​of Iranian society has become one of the most important concerns of thinkers, policymakers, and administrators. In order to explain this issue and achieve this goal, this article has attempted to present a precise and comprehensive understanding of the process of the maturation or lack of development of the nation in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, relying on Karl Deutsch's theory of nation-building. The main question: Why has nation-building, despite its relatively long history in Iran, still remained incomplete? Hypothesis: Nation-building in Iran, despite its relatively long history, has been considered merely within the framework of a process and has not been given careful and serious attention as a project by either the government or the nation. From this perspective, regarding the results of this research, it must be acknowledged that what has emerged in Iranian society so far is an echo of the nation and is far from its ideal model. It should be noted that the research method in this article is qualitative and causal.

Abstract The most important indicators of the macro plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the country's progress are reflected in the five-year development programs. Among these indicators, culture has been one of the fundamental axes and objectives of the Islamic Revolution since its establishment. Therefore, assessing the five-year development programs in terms of their influence on cultural indicators and cultural policymaking should be considered in their formulation.



In this study, an effort has been made to first summarize the cultural plans of the fourth to sixth cultural upstream documents, along with the opinions and cultural perspectives of the Supreme Leader, and to align them. Various methods have been employed to collect and analyze information, with the primary approach being qualitative.



The research findings indicate that cultural policymaking in different administrations has varied, and their evaluations and outcomes show that, in some cases, these policies have yielded weak performances. Therefore, cultural issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran should be under the direct supervision of the Supreme Leader and carried out with the full participation of the people, who deeply respect traditions and customs.



The relevant institutions, including both governmental and non-governmental entities, must work in harmony and coordination without conflicts or contradictions in cultural and policy-related matters. Additionally, cultural authorities should adopt a combination of supportive, guaranteed, supervisory, and adaptive approaches to increase public participation in cultural affairs.

Abstract This study examines and analyzes strategies for strengthening revolutionary spirit according to the characteristics of the Islamic Revolution according to the views of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei. Given the importance of maintaining and strengthening revolutionary spirit in Islamic society, this study examines practical and strategic strategies for strengthening this spirit based on the statements and guidelines of the Supreme Leader. The characteristics discussed include faith in God, justice, independence, and anti-arrogance, which have been emphasized in the statements of the leader. Using the analytical research method, this article analyzes and explains effective strategies for strengthening revolutionary spirit and presents practical examples of the positive effects of this spirit in society, further highlighting its importance. The results of this study show that adherence to the fundamental values of the revolution, perseverance and commitment, jihadi spirit, individual, social piety, and the fight against corruption are among the effective factors in strengthening the revolutionary spirit. Strengthening these indicators can lead to preserving the achievements of the Islamic Revolution, increasing people's social and political participation, and improving the moral and spiritual level of society. This study was written with the aim of raising awareness and understanding of the importance of revolutionary spirit and providing practical solutions in this field.

Abstract Trust in the institutions and organizations of the country is the biggest social capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A change in the level of confidence leads to positive social and political consequences or corresponding crises and disasters. Social science scientists have considered several factors related to institutional trust, one of which is the media. this research wants to answer the question that what effect do foreign media that are against the Islamic Republic have on the level of Iranians' trust in the country's official organizations and offices? For this purpose, the hypothesis was investigated that Iranians associated with foreign media have less institutional trust compared to Iranians who use domestic media.

The research method in this research is survey type. Researchers have used questionnaires to collect data and Cronbach's alpha to measure the reliability of research tools. The statistical population is the students of East Azerbaijan universities in the academic year (1402-1403) and the statistical sample consists of 384 students who were selected by two methods of cluster sampling and proportional classification using Cochran's formula.

The findings show that foreign mass media are used by students much more than Iranian media so much so that 90% of students use foreign social networks And finally, data analysis and comparison of averages show that students' trust in the country's official organizations has a negative correlation with the use of foreign media and a positive correlation with the use of domestic media.

Abstract The explanation of Iran's security policies in West Asia after the Islamic Revolution has always been desired by various politicians, researchers, and scholars, which policy to adopt provides maximum security and national interests. Various security threats from the American axis, Israel and their allies have strengthened the anarchy, which has led Iran to self-help and form a security alliance.Based on the main research question, what is the relationship between the regional presence of Iran and Iran's national interests in West Asia? The findings of the research show that improving security, expanding Iran's strategic depth and maintaining regional balance through the use of two strategies: 1- military hard power combined with soft power foundations and 2- military and security alliance and alliance with Islamic government and groups have a significant relationship with regional presence and response to regional threats. According to the function of the security strategy, deterrence in the concept of maintaining existential security against the axis of America, Israel and the allied allies and the political systems of Iraq and Syria by destroying the military facilities of the terrorist groups and providing Iran's strategic depth to the defense lines of the resistance axis. the deterrence of the axis of resistance has been seriously tested and the balance of regional forces is under the components of war. The current research is of a descriptive-analytical nature, which uses descriptive and qualitative methods in data and information analysis. The method of collecting information is to use library resources and articles