scientific journal Political Sociology of the Islamic Revolution

Abstract eee

Abstract امنیت به‌عنوان یکی از ارکان بنیادین و حیاتی جامعه، از اهداف متعالی و آرمان‌های والای انقلاب اسلامی محسوب می‌گردد. بیانیه گام دوم انقلاب در کنار آموزه‌های اسلامی، به‌مثابه سندی راهبردی انقلاب اسلامی، پیشران‌های ثبات و عناصر امنیت کشور را در هفت مؤلفه کلیدی ترسیم نموده و در آغاز گام دوم انقلاب گام‌های بلندی در مسیر تحقق امنیت همه‌جانبه برداشته است. این بیانیه، که بر پایه اصول و ارزش‌های قرآنی تدوین شده، از سوی مقام معظم رهبری صادر شده و به‌عنوان نقشه‌ای راهبردی، مسیر تحقق تمدن نوین اسلامی را هموار می‌سازد. پرسشی مقاله پیش رو این است که راهبردهای تأمینی انقلاب اسلامی برای نیل به امنیت همه‌جانبه، مبتنی بر آموزه‌های اسلامی و بیانیه گام دوم انقلاب کدام‌اند؟ در آموزه‌های اسلامی و بیانیه گام دوم انقلاب، بخشی از این راهبردها تبیین شده است. پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیل محتوا، به واکاوی بیانیه گام دوم انقلاب و سایر داده‌های تحلیلی با رویکردی قرآنی پرداخته است. راهبردهای تأمینی انقلاب اسلامی در دو وجه «تکمینی» و «تسکینی» بر اساس آیات قرآن کریم طراحی شده‌اند. راهبرد تکمینی ارصادی، با رویکرد آمادگی و محوریت دفع تهدیدات و ناامنی‌ها، و راهبرد تسکینی، با هدف تزریق اُمید و ایجاد آرامش و اطمینان خاطر برای مؤمنان، تدوین گردیده‌اند. هدف پژوهش بازخوانی دو وجه «تکمیلی» و «تسکینی» امنیت در قالب «راهبرد تأمینی» است تا بر پایه روش تحلیل متن ومحتوا، عناصر امنیت را در ساحت بیانیه گام دوم تحلیل نماید.دستاورد آن رویکرد نوینی است که می تواند زمینه ساز «نظریه اسلامی امنیت» از منظر رهبر فرزانه انقلاب اسلامی باشد.

Abstract This article is formulated with the aim of evaluating the alignment of the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, particularly focusing on the concept of republicanism. The necessity of this research arises from the need to assess the extent to which the fundamental principles of the Revolution, especially republicanism, have been realized over four decades since its victory, in order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the system. The discourse of the Islamic Revolution, rooted in the dual principles of republicanism and Islamism, has been analyzed using Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis methodology.

The study reveals that republicanism, as one of the floating signifiers within the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, has undergone redefinition and shifts in meaning across different historical periods. Findings indicate that achievements such as the regular holding of elections and the strengthening of civil institutions have been realized. However, the decline in participation in recent elections compared to the maximum turnout in earlier periods has emerged as a challenge in this domain.

Consequently, the article proposes recommendations to strengthen political competition and participation, enhance transparency in electoral processes, and bolster civil institutions to reinforce republicanism within the framework of the Islamic Revolution’s discourse.

Abstract A scientific examination of the factors influencing the disagreements between the parliament and the government is of great importance. In the complex process of legislation and law enforcement, management style plays a significant role. It is evident that representatives draft or pass laws based on their understanding and perception of the conditions and performance of governments. The primary objective of this research is to identify the factors influencing the disagreements between the parliament and the government in the process of legislation and law enforcement, using the classic grounded theory approach. The main research question was: What are the factors influencing the disagreements between the parliament and the government during Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency? Data analysis through the coding and analysis process led to the emergence of 85 codes, 11 abstract concepts, three categories, two main propositions, and seven sub-propositions. The research results indicated that the influencing factors affected the disagreements between the parliament and the government through two categories: mental models and mental processes. Mental models refer to ideology, partisan tendencies, beliefs, attitudes, and the historical perspective of the representatives, while mental processes refer to attention, self-awareness, and the analytical power of the representatives.

Abstract Introduction: In the second decade of the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the " New religious thinking " movement emerged and created a different female identity compared to the female identity of the revolutionary discourse. From the perspective of the new thinkers, modernity has originality and on this basis a new female identity should be articulated. In this regard, the new thinkers made efforts to deconstruct the female identity of the Islamic Revolution discourse and to articulate a new female identity. New demands were formed by women and led to the creation of challenges to the female identity of the revolution discourse.

Method: Using the Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis method, this article analyzes the words and actions of adherents of the religious neoliberal discourse in the deconstruction of the female identity of the Islamic Revolution discourse and the construction of the female identity of the neoliberal discourse.

Findings: The non-linguistic performance of the adherents of this discourse has been carried out in a wide range to articulate feminine identity.

The presentation of new demands for women at the community level, especially in relation to the three issues of hijab and the type of clothing, singing, and women's cycling in public, is one of the non-linguistic functions of the new thinking discourse in order to articulate female identity. In other words, the new thinking discourse tried to eliminate its identity defect by ideologizing and producing meaning and to make its meaning superior to the discourse of the Islamic Revolution.

Abstract During the period 1997–2013, Iran witnessed significant political and social developments, including the emergence of the Reform Movement, the rise of the Fundamentalist Movement, and the 2009 protests. As key actors in this competitive field, the middle classes played a decisive role in shaping discourses and developments. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the middle classes in shaping Iranian political competitions during the period under consideration using Bourdieu’s theoretical framework. The research attempts to show how the combination of capitals and habits of these classes determined their position in the political field and how this position affected macro-political developments. This research analyzes secondary data as well as field observations with a qualitative approach and using Bourdieu’s theory. The method of analysis is based on identifying the political field as an arena of competition between actors and examining the types of capitals that affect the position of the middle classes in this field. The findings show that the middle classes, relying on cultural capital and social networks, tended to support reformist or fundamentalist movements in different periods. However, the structure of the Iranian political field limited the possibility of completely converting their capitals into political power. Bourdieu's analysis shows that Iran's political developments are not simply the product of the will of actors, but rather the result of a complex interaction between class capitals and the rules of the field.

Abstract In this study, a sociological analysis of Imam Khomeini's (RA) political thought has been conducted, focusing on key concepts such as the guardianship of the jurist, political independence, and the relationship between religion and the state. These thoughts have been formed within the framework of Islamic discourse and with an emphasis on popular participation, social justice, and the fight against global arrogance. Existing research shows that his political thought is based on principles such as the rule of divine law, the government's responsibility to the people, and the need to preserve Islamic identity against Western cultural influence. The research method in this analysis was mainly based on discourse analysis using original texts including speeches, wills, and written works of Imam Khomeini (RA). This method, by using linguistic analysis, examining socio-historical contexts, and discovering power relations in political discourse, provides the opportunity to understand the hidden layers of his thought.Qualitative methods such as content analysis of historical documents and archival documents have also been used to reconstruct the context in which these ideas were formed. Research findings indicate that Imam Khomeini's political discourse is organized around floating concepts such as "Islamic nation", "independence" and "fighting arrogance". By creating a link between religious concepts and the requirements of modern governance, these ideas have designed a new model of religious government under the title of "Islamic Republic" in which Shiite jurisprudence acts as the central core of the legal-political system. This analysis shows how religious concepts have been redefined in the contemporary socio-political

Abstract This study aims to analyze the mechanisms of social solidarity and national capacity-building processes in Iranian society during the 12-Day War with Israel (June 13-24, 2025). The theoretical framework integrates Durkheim's mechanical solidarity theory, Kriesi's political opportunity structure theory, and Lavergne-Saxby's social capacity-building approach. The research methodology is qualitative, based on documentary content analysis including examination of official statements, media reports, and social reactions. Findings indicate that external threats triggered rapid activation of collective consciousness and created cross-spectrum solidarity that united opposing political factions from Mehdi Karroubi to conservatives. The revival of Iranian national symbols such as the "Ey Iran" anthem and Iranian lion imagery alongside religious identity played a crucial role in strengthening national cohesion. Extensive public cooperation with security institutions and reporting of suspicious activities led to the identification and arrest of a significant number of infiltrators and the discovery of explosive materials, demonstrating the depth of social participation and sense of national responsibility. Additionally, resistance economy systems and essential goods distribution networks showed appropriate effectiveness, and societal resilience was revealed during communication restrictions following internet cuts. However, challenges such as human casualties, damage to nuclear facilities, weaknesses in early warning systems and passive defense, and generational differences in crisis perception were exposed. The research conclusion confirms that Iranian society possesses deep reserves of social solidarity that can be activated during crises, but institutionalizing these achievements requires intelligent management and long-term planning.

Abstract In this article, we attempt to examine the issue of political participation and the functions of elections in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic. This article is written in a descriptive and analytical manner and seeks to answer these questions: 1. What are the foundations and status of the political participation of the Iranian people in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic? and 2. What legal steps are foreseen for political participation in the Constitution? The findings of the research showed that the grounds for the extensive participation of the Iranian people in the Islamic Revolution led by Imam Khomeini are reflected in the Constitution, and therefore it can be said that the main goal of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic was to realize the sovereignty of the nation with an emphasis on the religious foundations of political participation. The drafters of the Constitution considered one of the duties of the revolutionary and newly established government of the Islamic Republic to provide for the participation of the public in determining the political, economic, social and cultural destiny, and identified and emphasized the legal methods of political participation of the people in various principles.

Abstract The impact of land reforms on the migration of people from villages to cities during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi During the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Americans, under the pretext of agricultural growth and improving the situation of the villagers, and in essence to prevent the influence of the Soviet Union and communism and economic and political dependence, came to the conclusion that they chose Iran as the first country that could implement the Truman Principle 4. In addition, a set of internal factors caused Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi to strengthen the foundations of his power, gain foreign support and support from the large rural population to carry out reforms, including land reforms (1341-1350), which were one of the six principles of the White Revolution. Land reforms were politically successful for the Pahlavi regime, but economically and socially, they caused agricultural stagnation and Iran became an importer of grains, followed by widespread migration of villagers to the cities, which had important economic, social and cultural consequences for the city and the countryside.The main question in this study is the impact of land reforms on the migration of people from villages to cities during the second Pahlavi period. (Question) Land reforms were politically successful in the short term, but politically, economically, and socially unsuccessful in the long term. (Hypothesis) The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical.

Abstract Iran's water crisis, which has evolved into a multifaceted "super-crisis," is profoundly influenced by governmental discourses, bearing extensive consequences for the nation's security and stability. This research aims to comparatively analyze the discourses of the Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005–2013) and Hassan Rouhani (2013–2021) administrations in addressing this crisis, seeking to identify their differences and impacts on securitization and water governance. A key innovation of this study is the introduction of "societal security" and post-Copenhagen perspectives into the analytical framework, drawing a crucial distinction between state security (preserving sovereignty and resource control) and societal security (protecting the identity, livelihood, and health of local communities). The methodology is qualitative, based on Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis, complemented by theoretical frameworks of securitization and network governance, and involves the content analysis of 55 official and non-official documents. Findings indicate that the Ahmadinejad administration's discourse, framed within a "security-defensive" context with an emphasis on "hardware-oriented development," prioritized state security over societal security. Conversely, the Rouhani administration's "technocratic" and "participatory" discourse attempted to address societal security, but in practice, this was not fully realized due to the prevalence of centralized structures. This study argues that despite discursive shifts, the persistence of deep-rooted political and economic structures has hindered the formation of effective network governance and the safeguarding of societal security, thereby fueling ongoing social tensions.

Abstract Capitalism, as one of the hegemonic components of the modern era, has always been subject to scrutiny and criticism by experts in the humanities. Amidst this, the stance of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran towards this system holds particular importance as a key part of the post-revolutionary political discourse. This research utilizes Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis, examining the official statements and positions of the Supreme Leader, to explore the reasons and methods behind the production and reproduction of a critical discourse concerning capitalism. Research data were extracted and interpreted using qualitative analysis and thematic coding. Findings indicate that the Leader's discourse, relying on specific linguistic elements (such as metaphorical terms like "evil," "domination," and "oppression") and employing Quranic-historical intertextuality, represents capitalism not merely as an economic model but as a symbol of colonialism and injustice in the global sphere. This position is a product of integrating Islamic intellectual foundations with contemporary critiques of Western capitalism, effectively serving as a tool for epistemological and identity resistance within contemporary Iranian political discourse. The study concludes that the reproduction of anti-capitalist discourse has not only led to the creation of institutional mechanisms based on Islamic teachings but has also contributed to the promotion of distributive justice, economic resilience, and the rejection of the hegemony of global capitalist structures—a phenomenon explainable and analyzable through Fairclough's analytical model.

Abstract Considering the hijab as a legal obligation within the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its profound connection to cultural and religious identity, the promotion of hijab through cultural means holds special importance. This study, adopting a descriptive and analytical approach, examines the barriers and challenges to the effective enforcement of laws related to chastity and hijab. These include conflicts between traditional values and globalization, the diminishing influence of religious values among younger generations, limited public awareness of the philosophical, jurisprudential, and legal foundations of hijab, and the extensive impact of media and cyberspace in shaping public attitudes. In addressing these challenges, the paper emphasizes the necessity of strengthening legal education and explaining the rationale behind the legal obligation of hijab, promoting appropriate role models in the media, consolidating cultural and religious identity, and creating a secure environment to support persuasive strategies over confrontational ones. Ultimately, the paper argues that cultural promotion can facilitate the effective implementation of hijab laws, reduce social tensions, and align legal obligations with public culture, thereby transforming hijab from a mere legal requirement into an informed personal choice and an internalized social value. The application of the results of this research by policymakers and rulers can lead to better governance in the matter of hijab.

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Borders, as dividing lines between countries, play a fundamental role in determining national identity and social security. The border between Iran and Afghanistan requires special attention due to its geographical location and specific security challenges. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors affecting border security and to provide solutions to improve the security situation at this border.

Research Methodology: This study was conducted with an applied objective and a qualitative approach. The target group of the study included experts and specialists in the field of border security in the country. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and theoretical saturation was achieved. The content analysis strategy with latent content analysis tactic was used to analyze the data.

Findings: From the analysis of the interview data, the total number of codes extracted from the content analysis of the interviews was 82. The initial code was identified and introduced in 10 categories and finally 6 solutions based on the experts' views to improve border security in Iran and Afghanistan. These solutions include: international cooperation in combating smuggling, strengthening border surveillance with modern technologies; creating legal routes for migration from Afghanistan to Iran; improving border infrastructure; implementing economic development programs, training and empowering border forces.

Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used in macro security and social policies to improve the border security situation and reduce the challenges on the Iran.

Keywords: Border crises, illegal migration, drug trafficking, international cooperation.

Abstract One of the most important security threats to human societies is the phenomenon of terrorism, which has recently been the focus of serious research. Iran has always been exposed to terrorism in various dimensions for various reasons. Therefore, a scientific examination of the backgrounds, causes, consequences, and ways to confront this phenomenon is one of the most essential research topics. This study aims to investigate terrorism against Iran and, using the theory of gaps, analyze its roots. In this context, the most important question raised is why terrorism exists against Iran and what its roots are. According to the hypothesis of this research, the roots of terrorism lie in a primary gap and secondary gaps that intensify it by loading onto the primary gap. To explore this important issue, we will use qualitative methods and secondary data, including library resources, data, and statistics. The results indicate a direct correlation between terrorism and social gaps.