During the period 1997–2013, Iran witnessed significant political and social developments, including the emergence of the Reform Movement, the rise of the Fundamentalist Movement, and the 2009 protests. As key actors in this competitive field, the middle classes played a decisive role in shaping discourses and developments. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the middle classes in shaping Iranian political competitions during the period under consideration using Bourdieu’s theoretical framework. The research attempts to show how the combination of capitals and habits of these classes determined their position in the political field and how this position affected macro-political developments. This research analyzes secondary data as well as field observations with a qualitative approach and using Bourdieu’s theory. The method of analysis is based on identifying the political field as an arena of competition between actors and examining the types of capitals that affect the position of the middle classes in this field. The findings show that the middle classes, relying on cultural capital and social networks, tended to support reformist or fundamentalist movements in different periods. However, the structure of the Iranian political field limited the possibility of completely converting their capitals into political power. Bourdieu's analysis shows that Iran's political developments are not simply the product of the will of actors, but rather the result of a complex interaction between class capitals and the rules of the field.