scientific journal Political Sociology of the Islamic Revolution

Abstract Due to the rising relevance of the activity of political parties in the realm of politics, the activity of these parties has been given the attention of scholars in the theoretical area as well. Researchers have focused on the factors that contribute to the formation and growth of political parties, as well as their operational mechanisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the prevailing perspectives and ideas on this matter, which can be broadly categorized into three groups: "election-based viewpoint," "class conflict and social division-based viewpoint," and "political modernization and development-based viewpoint." This article, which is analytical-descriptive in nature, tries to take into account the background of this issue while presenting preliminary discussions in the form of the historical background of political parties, their coordinates and features, as well as the reasons for the failure of political parties in Iran, by using library resources. It investigates the above-mentioned three points of view and offers the potential of merging these points of view, particularly with the activities of political parties in Iran.

Abstract Women's political participation has always been one of the challenging issues that political systems have faced in recent decades, and despite the fact that countries have made remarkable progress in this matter and a suitable platform for their presence in the public sphere. provided, some have appeared in the public arena only due to social requirements and especially due to political considerations. For this purpose, the present article aims to investigate the role and political participation of women in the process of political development in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, and also based on the type and extent of representation of this role and the reasons for the diminution and the partial emphasis of this role, in search of an answer to this The basic question is "what factors have affected the political participation of women in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia in the last two decades (2000-2020)?". This article has investigated the political participation of women in the three mentioned countries with a comparative approach and a descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that political culture, legal structure and party structure in these three countries have limited women's political participation. And in this regard, against this situation, women have made their political struggles to gain their political and social rights.