scientific journal Political Sociology of the Islamic Revolution

Abstract Political development has gained significant traction since World War II, becoming a central focus for post-war theorists and politicians tasked with resolving the challenges of the era. Furthermore, all nations have pursued development across various levels, including political development, to enhance their international standing. One of the fundamental factors contributing to the advancement of political development is political parties. The role of political parties in Iran’s political development, both pre- and post-revolution, has consistently been decisive, transforming into a complex and multifaceted issue after the 1979 Revolution. Research findings indicate that parties, as key institutions in the political process, can contribute to strengthening democracy, public participation, and governmental accountability. However, challenges such as restrictions, suppression, and internal disunity have hampered the effective role of parties in this domain. This article seeks to answer the question: What role have political parties played in the political development of post-revolutionary Iran? The hypothesis proposed to answer this question is that political parties, by fostering internal cohesion and developing effective strategies, can overcome existing challenges and lead to the advancement of Iran’s political development. Given that the information for this research was gathered through existing and library-based sources, the research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical

Abstract This article examines the political education of the digital generation Z (those born between the mid-1990s and early 2010s) and its role in the political development process in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Generation Z, as the first fully digital generation, has unique characteristics in the way it receives information, forms its identity, and interacts with political issues. This research also attempts to analyze, based on the theoretical foundations of political socialization, the concept of digital political culture, and the characteristics of Generation Z, how this generation is politically educated in the context of Iranian society and its potential effects on the components of political development (such as participation, accountability, and institution-building). The findings and results, which are based on the study of documents, scientific articles, reports, and content analysis of media related to Generation Z, such as social networks and online platforms, show that the political education of Generation Z in Iran faces numerous challenges and opportunities; On the one hand, widespread access to information and the high potential of digital participation can act as a driver of political development, but on the other hand, generational gaps, exposure to inaccurate information, and sometimes disappointment in the effectiveness of political action can become obstacles to this process.

Abstract Political development in any society is deeply linked to its general culture and political culture. To achieve sustainable development, it is essential to consider indigenous models that are appropriate to the geographical, social, economic, cultural, and historical characteristics of each country. Merely emulating imported and general models without a true understanding of the national context is not only ineffective but can also hinder development. This research shows that despite the growth of civil society institutions and the expansion of developmentalist demands in the political sphere after the Constitutional Revolution, political development in Iran has faced serious challenges. These challenges are mainly due to the centralized system of government, the weakness of consensus among political forces, the lack of coordination between the owners of wealth, knowledge, and power, and undesirable ethnic policies, all of which have had a negative impact on the development process. These findings specifically emphasize the role of cultural identity and "Iranianness" in understanding and addressing these obstacles.

Abstract Due to the rising relevance of the activity of political parties in the realm of politics, the activity of these parties has been given the attention of scholars in the theoretical area as well. Researchers have focused on the factors that contribute to the formation and growth of political parties, as well as their operational mechanisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the prevailing perspectives and ideas on this matter, which can be broadly categorized into three groups: "election-based viewpoint," "class conflict and social division-based viewpoint," and "political modernization and development-based viewpoint." This article, which is analytical-descriptive in nature, tries to take into account the background of this issue while presenting preliminary discussions in the form of the historical background of political parties, their coordinates and features, as well as the reasons for the failure of political parties in Iran, by using library resources. It investigates the above-mentioned three points of view and offers the potential of merging these points of view, particularly with the activities of political parties in Iran.

Abstract

The largest and most influential part of today's society is the new middle class, whose roots go back to the modernization of the Reza Khan period. After the victory of the Islamic revolution, this class expanded mainly in quantity and quality, and since the 1990s, its developments have had more influence. In recent years, and more specifically since 2019, we have witnessed the creation of a more significant gap between the new middle class and the IR. political system, a gap that, more than anything, requires authorities to respond to the growing demands of this class.

This research seeks to study the developments of the new middle class, answering the following question, "What changes did the new middle class in the Islamic Republic of Iran undergo until the unrest of 1401(2022), and what are its consequences?" The data shows that the new middle class in Iran has a broad capacity for social, political, and cultural aspects that can be used. Still, the lack of proper response to their demands has recently become a security threat to the country's political system.







Keywords: new middle class, social classes, political development, modernization, political and social challenges

Abstract The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of parties in political development and meritocracy in Iran, emphasizing meritocracy. Due to the close relationship between political development and political meritocracy in this research, the role of parties has been investigated on two variables. The current research is descriptive and analytical and has investigated the mentioned subject by using the library method. The findings indicate that political parties are effective in political development through political participation, political legitimacy, political socialization and management of national conflicts. Also, by creating political development, parties provide the basis for the realization of political meritocracy. In fact, by creating political development, parties create political meritocracy through creating a platform for governance and law enforcement, which in turn helps to strengthen and develop politics. In Iran, however, factors such as weak performance and seasonality of parties, non-acceptance of parties in the political culture of the people hinder the influence of this institution on the process of political development. The result is that a developing political system must create the necessary capacities and capacities in order to absorb and resolve the newly emerging conflicts in a political society by institutionalized organizations and systems within it. Therefore, it is obvious that the strongest development factor is the creation of a party system, and not Every organization and party, but formations institutionalized over time and benefiting from an effective and efficient content, and this is something that is not easily possible in a society and a traditional system.

Abstract Women's political participation has always been one of the challenging issues that political systems have faced in recent decades, and despite the fact that countries have made remarkable progress in this matter and a suitable platform for their presence in the public sphere. provided, some have appeared in the public arena only due to social requirements and especially due to political considerations. For this purpose, the present article aims to investigate the role and political participation of women in the process of political development in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, and also based on the type and extent of representation of this role and the reasons for the diminution and the partial emphasis of this role, in search of an answer to this The basic question is "what factors have affected the political participation of women in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia in the last two decades (2000-2020)?". This article has investigated the political participation of women in the three mentioned countries with a comparative approach and a descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that political culture, legal structure and party structure in these three countries have limited women's political participation. And in this regard, against this situation, women have made their political struggles to gain their political and social rights.

Abstract The different viewpoints of the jurists of the constitutional era, regarding the nature of the government during the absence and the difference in their starting point from the basic principle of the inadmissibility of forming a government, caused a difference in the way the government was formed. This article is in response to the question that the approach of these jurists about the nature of government had an effect on the process of formation of constitutional monarchy. Using the descriptive-analytical method in the framework of interpretive historical sociology studies, the article believes: the lack of theoretical coherence of the jurists of the constitutional era in the face of the constitutional monarchy, gradually created boundaries in the society; In such a way that some considered the establishment of new institutions to be against the Shariah standards and to fight against it, and some believed that the preservation of the foundations of Islam depended on the establishment of such institutions. According to the findings of this research, the sanctification of political behavior under Sharia titles led the society towards social, political and legal gaps and gave a stable state to the created gaps. A situation that caused the removal of platforms for peaceful dialogue between the two groups of supporters and opponents and created disruptions in the process of institutionalizing constitutional monarchy as one of the indicators of the rule of law and overshadowed the process of political development in contemporary Iran.

Abstract The constitutional movement, which took place with the aim of establishing the rule of law and the nation in 1285, is considered an important movement and a turning point in the contemporary history of Iran. During this movement, many associations and political groups were formed; But none of them could make a positive move towards establishing a stable democracy and civil society. In this research, we are looking for a sociological explanation of the failure of the elites and the masses in the first participatory experience and its impact on the political development of Iran in the constitutional era and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In order to analyze this issue, Huntington's theory and the theory of social gaps are used. The author is of the opinion that characteristics such as the ignorance of the masses, the elevation of intellectuals and their failure to bring the masses together, and on the other hand, ideological conflicts and unorganized competitions of elites and parties lead to failure. became.

Abstract The political satire of Gol Agha weekly can be considered as one of the background factors for achieving political development during the reform era. This research seeks to answer the main question of how the political satire of Gol Agha weekly has influenced the political development of Iran between 1997-2002. The hypothesis that was investigated based on the study is that "the political satire of the Gol Agha weekly has provided a platform for criticism and tolerance and as a result the promotion of the political development of Iran in the years 1997 to 2002" The analysis of the content of the Gol Agha weekly newspaper has been carried out by documentary, library and interview methods. It came to the conclusion that political humor, due to having common axes with political development indicators and as a result, having two reflective and directing approaches from the society to the government, has a great contribution in Iran's progress from the chaotic situation. It was in good condition. According to the examination of the common themes of the reform era and the Gol-Agha weekly, its influence on political development is clearly evident, so that the political humor of the Gol-Agha weekly can be seen as a mirror of the whole view of the reform era's preoccupations without any dark and dark parts.

Abstract This study attempts to answer the pollowing question: “What impact political satire has had on the political development of Iran during the years 1997-2005”, and scrutinises on the assumption that “based on the analysis of the content of Golagha monthly during 1997-2005, political satire caused the creation of a space of tolerance and open-mindedness, which resulted in the improvement of Iran’s political development during the Mentioned period”. It analysis the content of the cover of Golagha monthly, using the documentary, library, and interviewing methods.

Political satire as a sign of political development, can have a significant impact on advancing the society toward growth and excellence. The political satire in the Golagha monthly can be considered as one of the underlying factors for Promoting political development during the reformation period (1997-2005). Considering its common grounds with the indicators of political development (and as a result having reflective and directive approaches of elaborating on the shortcomings and defects of the society to the government), it had a substantial role in Iran taking steps from the present situation to the desirable situation. Based on the analysis of the common grounds between the political situation during that time and the political satire of Golagha monthly, it can be considered as the reflection of the anxieties of the society during the reformation period.